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LL-37

ImmuneEvidence Level: researchNot FDA-approved for specific clinical use; extensive research continues
Peptide #31

LL-37 is a naturally occurring antimicrobial peptide belonging to the cathelicidin family, primarily known for its robust antimicrobial and immunomodulatory properties. It plays a critical role in the body's innate immune defense by targeting and neutralizing a wide range of pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi. LL-37 also modulates immune responses, promotes chemotaxis, influences cytokine production, and is involved in tissue repair and regeneration.

Alternative Names:

hCAP18

Overview

LL-37 is a naturally occurring antimicrobial peptide with potent antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, and wound-healing properties. It is produced in human epithelial cells, neutrophils, and macrophages, playing a critical role in innate immune defense.

How It Works

LL-37 disrupts microbial cell membranes, promotes chemotaxis, enhances cytokine production, and stimulates cellular proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis.

Clinical Effects

Antimicrobial effects, immune modulation, enhanced wound healing, tissue repair, reduced inflammation

Therapeutic Applications

Combating antibiotic-resistant infections, managing chronic inflammatory conditions, accelerating skin and tissue regeneration, supporting immune health

Research Studies

Clinical Trials

Limited human studies indicate promising initial safety and efficacy results, particularly in wound healing and infection management

Preclinical Studies

Significant efficacy in preclinical studies for antimicrobial capabilities

Frequently Asked Questions

Is LL-37 legally available? Yes, for research purposes. Have human trials been conducted? Limited studies show promising results. What are potential side effects? Minimal and mild. How is it administered? Topical or subcutaneous. Can it be combined with other agents? Yes, but controlled studies are needed.

Quick Information

Safety Information

Safety Profile

Long-term safety profiles require further comprehensive research

Contraindications

Side Effects: Minimal and generally mild, such as localized irritation or transient inflammatory responses Safety Profile: Long-term safety profiles require further comprehensive research

Side Effects

Minimal and generally mild, such as localized irritation or transient inflammatory responses

Research References

Dürr, U.H., et al. (2006). LL-37, the only human member of the cathelicidin family of antimicrobial peptides. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes. Zanetti, M. (2005). The role of cathelicidins in the innate host defenses of mammals. Current Issues in Molecular Biology. Nijnik, A., & Hancock, R.E. (2009). Host defence peptides: antimicrobial and immunomodulatory activity and potential applications for tackling antibiotic-resistant infections. Emerging Health Threats Journal.

Additional Resources

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